Light Emitting Device and Method of Driving the Light Emitting Device

ABSTRACT

A light emitting device that achieves long life, and which is capable of performing high duty drive, by suppressing initial light emitting element deterioration is provided. Reverse bias application to an EL element ( 109 ) is performed one row at a time by forming a reverse bias electric power source line ( 112 ) and a reverse bias TFT ( 108 ). Reverse bias application can therefore be performed in synchronous with operations for write-in of an image signal, light emission, erasure, and the like. Reverse bias application therefore becomes possible while maintaining a duty equivalent to that of a conventional driving method.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This application is a continuation of copending U.S. application Ser.No. 15/637,075 filed on Jun. 29, 2017 which is a continuation of U.S.application Ser. No. 15/271,578 filed on Sep. 21, 2016 (now U.S. Pat.No. 9,697,772 (issued Jul. 4, 2017) which is a continuation of U.S.application Ser. No. 14/662,775 filed on Mar. 19, 2015 (now U.S. Pat.No. 9,454,933 issued Sep. 27, 2016) which is a continuation of U.S.application Ser. No. 14/186,600 filed on Feb. 21, 2014 (now U.S. Pat.No. 8,988,324 issued Mar. 24, 2015) which is a continuation of U.S.application Ser. No. 13/675,399 filed on Nov. 13, 2012 (now U.S. Pat.No. 8,659,517 issued Feb. 25, 2014) which is a continuation of U.S.application Ser. No. 13/531,822 filed on Jun. 25, 2012 (now U.S. Pat.No. 8,330,681 issued Dec. 11, 2012) which is a continuation of U.S.application Ser. No. 12/243,637 filed on Oct. 1, 2008 (now U.S. Pat. No.8,207,916 issued Jun. 26, 2012) which is a continuation of U.S.application Ser. No. 11/701,346 filed on Feb. 1, 2007 (now U.S. Pat. No.7,450,093 issued Nov. 11, 2008) which is a continuation of U.S.application Ser. No. 10/373,772, filed on Feb. 25, 2003 (now U.S. Pat.No. 7,176,857 issued Feb. 13, 2007), which are all incorporated hereinby reference.

Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to an electroluminescence (EL) element,and a method of driving a light emitting device manufactured by formingthin-film transistors (hereinafter abbreviated as TFTs) on a substrate.Particularly, the present invention relates to an electronic apparatuswhich uses the light emitting device as display units. Here, as atypical example of light emitting elements, the EL elements will bedescribed.

In this specification, the EL elements include the ones which utilizeemission of light from singlet excitons (fluorescence) and the oneswhich utilize the emission of light from triplet excitons(phosphorescence).

Description of the Related Art

In recent years, light-emitting devices having EL elements as the lightemitting elements have been vigorously developed as light emittingelements. Unlike liquid crystal display devices, the light-emittingdevice is of self emission type. The EL element has a structure in whichan EL layer is held between a pair of electrodes (anode and cathode),the EL layer being, usually, of a laminated-layer structure. Typically,there can be exemplified a laminated-layer structure of “positivehole-transporting layer/light-emitting layer/electron-transportinglayer” proposed by Tang et al. of Eastman Kodak Co. This structurefeatures a very high light-emitting efficiency, and the EL displaydevices that have now been studied and developed have almost all beenemploying this structure.

There can be further exemplified a structure in which a positivehole-injecting layer, a positive hole-transporting layer, alight-emitting layer and an electron-transporting layer are laminated inthis order on the anode, or a structure in which the positivehole-injecting layer, the positive hole-transporting layer, thelight-emitting layer, the electron-transporting layer and theelectron-injecting layer are laminated thereon this order. Thelight-emitting layer may further be doped with a fluorescent pigment orthe like pigment.

Here, the layers provided between the cathode and the anode are allreferred generally as an EL layer. Therefore, the above positivehole-injecting layer, positive hole-transporting layer, light-emittinglayer, electron-transporting layer and electron-injection layer are allincluded in the EL layer.

A predetermined voltage is applied across the pair of electrodes (bothelectrodes) holding the EL layer of the above structure therein, wherebythe carriers are recombined in the light-emitting layer to thereby emitlight. At this time, light emitting brightness of the EL element is inproportional with a current flowing to the EL element.

Brightness changes in a light emitting device that uses EL elements dueto deterioration of the elements themselves, even if a fixed currentflows. If this kind of deterioration develops and the EL elements areused as a light emitting device, then display pattern burn-in develops,and correct gray scale display becomes impossible to perform.

In particular, brightness changes due to deterioration of the ELelements themselves during their initial switch-on period, referred toas “initial deterioration”, are remarkable. A method of applying areverse bias to the EL elements in order to suppress deterioration ofthe EL elements themselves has been proposed in JP 2001-109432 A, JP2001-222255 A, and the like. A state in which a voltage is appliedbetween an anode and a cathode so that electric current flows in an ELelement, namely a state in which the electric potential of the anode ishigher than the electric potential of the cathode, is taken as a forwardbias here. Conversely, a state in which the electric potential of thecathode is higher than the electric potential of the anode is taken as areverse bias. If a forward bias is applied, electric current flows inthe EL element according to the voltage and the EL element emits light.Electric current does not flow in the EL element and the EL element doesnot emit light, if a reverse bias is applied.

In addition, a driving method in which a bias applied to an EL elementis periodically switched between a forward bias and a reverse bias isdefined as alternating current drive here.

Passive matrix and active matrix types exist as light emitting devicetypes, and active matrix light emitting devices are suitable fordisplays that demand high speed operation because of an increase in thenumber of pixels that accompanies higher resolution, or in order toperform dynamic display.

Further, a digital time gray scale method, which is not easilyinfluenced by dispersion in the characteristics of driver TFTs, isavailable as a method of driving an active matrix light emitting device.

In addition, a high precision, multi-gray scale display can be achievedby using an erasure TFT, in addition to a driver TFT and a switchingTFT, within each pixel with a digital time gray scale method, asdisclosed by JP 2001-343933 A. This driving method is hereinafterreferred to as SES (simultaneous erase scan) drive within thisspecification.

If the EL elements themselves deteriorate, then a difference in thebrightness of each of the pixels develops as discussed abovecorresponding to the degree of deterioration, a display pattern becomesburned in, and correct gray scale display becomes impossible to perform.

In particular, brightness changes due to deterioration of the ELelements themselves during their initial switch-on period, referred toas “initial deterioration”, are remarkable. A method of applying areverse bias to the EL elements in order to suppress deterioration ofthe EL elements themselves has been proposed.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An object of the present invention is to propose a specific pixelstructure and driving method for cases in which SES drive is employed inan active matrix EL panel, and in addition, for cases in which a reversebias is applied in order to reduce deterioration of EL elements.

The present invention has a feature in which a reverse bias is appliedto an EL element without making the electric potential of either theanode or the cathode rise or fall. Specifically, application of areverse bias by a conventional method is performed by changing anelectric power source potential, and therefore the voltage endurance ofTFTs structuring other portions tends to become a problem following thechanges in the electric power source potential. In the presentinvention, a novel electric power source line having an electricpotential used for a reverse bias is formed, and the timing at which thereverse bias is applied is determined by dedicated TFTs turning on andoff. In addition, it becomes possible to determine the timing at whichthe reverse bias is applied row by row with the dedicated TFTs. Areverse bias period can therefore be prepared in synchronous with anerasure period in each line, and a high duty ratio can be achieved.

Additionally, a sufficient effect in preventing deterioration caused byapplying the reverse bias can be obtained by making the reverse biassmaller than a forward bias, and a structure can be made in whichelectric current consumption, voltage endurance of the TFTs and the ELelements, and the like do not cause problems.

The structure of the present invention is described hereinbelow.

A light emitting device according to the present invention includes:

a panel having: a pixel portion in which a plurality of pixels arearranged in matrix; a source signal line driver circuit for driving thepixel portion; and a gate signal line driver circuit for driving thepixel portion;

a first means for generating a timing signal and an image signal fordriving the source signal line driver circuit and the gate signal linedriver circuit; and

a second means for supplying a desired electric power source used in thepanel, each pixel of the plurality of pixels having:

a light emitting element having a first electrode and a secondelectrode;

a third means for controlling input of the image signal to the pixel;

a fourth means for determining whether the light emitting element emitslight or does not emit light, in accordance with the input image signal,for applying a forward bias between the first electrode and the secondelectrode of the light emitting element when the light emitting elementemits light, and for supplying an electric current;

a fifth means for forcibly cutting off the electric current supplied tothe light emitting element; and

a sixth means for controlling the timing at which a reverse bias isapplied between the first electrode and the second electrode of thelight emitting element.

The first means and the second means may also be integrated with thepanel here. In addition, the third means, the fourth means, the fifthmeans, and the sixth means may be means in which conductivity andnon-conductivity can be selected by using an image signal as a controlsignal.

A light emitting device according to the present invention includes aplurality of pixels, each pixel of the plurality of pixels having:

a source signal line;

a first gate signal line;

a second gate signal line;

a third gate signal line;

a first electric power source line;

a second electric power source line;

a third electric power source line;

a first transistor having a gate electrode, a first electrode, and asecond electrode;

a second transistor having a gate electrode, a first electrode, and asecond electrode;

a third transistor having a gate electrode, a first electrode, and asecond electrode;

a fourth transistor having a gate electrode, a first electrode, and asecond electrode; and

a light emitting element having a first electrode and a secondelectrode, in which:

the gate electrode of the first transistor is electrically connected tothe first gate signal line, the first electrode of the first transistoris electrically connected to the source signal line, and the secondelectrode of the first transistor is electrically connected to the firstelectrode of the second transistor and the gate electrode of the thirdtransistor;

the gate electrode of the second transistor is electrically connected tothe second gate signal line, and the second electrode of the secondtransistor is electrically connected to the first power source line;

the first electrode of the third transistor is electrically connected tothe first power source line, and the second electrode of the thirdtransistor is electrically connected to the first electrode of the lightemitting element and the first electrode of the fourth transistor;

the gate electrode of the fourth transistor is electrically connected tothe third gate signal line, and the second electrode of the fourthtransistor is electrically connected to the second electric power sourceline; and

the second electrode of the light emitting element is electricallyconnected to the third electric power source line.

A light emitting device according to the present invention includes aplurality of pixels, each pixel of the plurality of pixels having:

a source signal line;

a first gate signal line;

a second gate signal line;

a first electric power source line;

a second electric power source line;

a third electric power source line;

a first transistor having a gate electrode, a first electrode, and asecond electrode;

a second transistor having a gate electrode, a first electrode, and asecond electrode;

a third transistor having a gate electrode, a first electrode, and asecond electrode;

a fourth transistor having a gate electrode, a first electrode, and asecond electrode; and

a light emitting element having a first electrode and a secondelectrode, in which:

the gate electrode of the first transistor is electrically connected tothe first gate signal line, the first electrode of the first transistoris electrically connected to the source signal line, and the secondelectrode of the first transistor is electrically connected to the firstelectrode of the second transistor and the gate electrode of the thirdtransistor;

the gate electrode of the second transistor is electrically connected tothe second gate signal line, and the second electrode of the secondtransistor is electrically connected to the first power source line;

the first electrode of the third transistor is electrically connected tothe first power source line, and the second electrode of the thirdtransistor is electrically connected to the first electrode of the lightemitting element and the first electrode of the fourth transistor;

the gate electrode of the fourth transistor is electrically connected tothe second gate signal line, and the second electrode of the fourthtransistor is electrically connected to the second electric power sourceline; and

the second electrode of the light emitting element is electricallyconnected to the third electric power source line.

A light emitting device according to the present invention includes aplurality of pixels, each pixel of the plurality of pixels including:

a source signal line;

a first gate signal line;

a second gate signal line;

a third gate signal line;

a first electric power source line;

a second electric power source line;

a third electric power source line;

a first transistor having a gate electrode, a first electrode, and asecond electrode;

a second transistor having a gate electrode, a first electrode, and asecond electrode;

a third transistor having a gate electrode, a first electrode, and asecond electrode;

a fourth transistor having a gate electrode, a first electrode, and asecond electrode; and

a light emitting element having a first electrode and a secondelectrode, in which:

the gate electrode of the first transistor is electrically connected tothe first gate signal line, the first electrode of the first transistoris electrically connected to the source signal line, and the secondelectrode of the first transistor is electrically connected to the gateelectrode of the second transistor;

the first electrode of the second transistor is electrically connectedto the first electric power source line, and the second electrode of thesecond transistor is electrically connected to the first electrode ofthe third transistor;

the gate electrode of the third transistor is electrically connected tothe second gate signal line, and the second electrode of the thirdtransistor is electrically connected to the first electrode of thefourth transistor and the first electrode of the light emitting element;

the gate electrode of the fourth transistor is electrically connected tothe third gate signal line, and the second electrode of the fourthtransistor is electrically connected to the second electric power sourceline; and

the second electrode of the light emitting element is electricallyconnected to the third electric power source line.

A light emitting device according to the present invention includes aplurality of pixels, each pixel of the plurality of pixels including:

a source signal line;

a first gate signal line;

a second gate signal line;

a first electric power source line;

a second electric power source line;

a third electric power source line;

a first transistor having a gate electrode, a first electrode, and asecond electrode;

a second transistor having a gate electrode, a first electrode, and asecond electrode;

a third transistor having a gate electrode, a first electrode, and asecond electrode;

a fourth transistor having a gate electrode, a first electrode, and asecond electrode; and

a light emitting element having a first electrode and a secondelectrode, in which:

the gate electrode of the first transistor is electrically connected tothe first gate signal line, the first electrode of the first transistoris electrically connected to the source signal line, and the secondelectrode of the first transistor is electrically connected to the gateelectrode of the second transistor;

the first electrode of the second transistor is electrically connectedto the first electric power source line, and the second electrode of thesecond transistor is electrically connected to the first electrode ofthe third transistor;

the gate electrode of the third transistor is electrically connected tothe second gate signal line, and the second electrode of the thirdtransistor is electrically connected to the first electrode of thefourth transistor and the first electrode of the light emitting element;

the gate electrode of the fourth transistor is electrically connected tothe second gate signal line, and the second electrode of the fourthtransistor is electrically connected to the second electric power sourceline; and

the second electrode of the light emitting element is electricallyconnected to the third electric power source line.

A method of driving a light emitting device according to the presentinvention which has a plurality of pixels each being provided with alight emitting element, in which the light emitting device performs grayscale display by controlling differences in the amount of light emissiontime in the light emitting elements, includes: one frame period having nsubframe periods (where n is a natural number, n>2), each of thesubframe periods having: an address (write-in) period for performingwrite-in of an image signal to the pixels; and

a sustain (light emitting) period for performing display by controllinglight emission and no emission of the light emitting elements based onthe image signal written into the pixels;

m subframe periods (where m is a natural number, and 0<m≤(n-1)) selectedfrom the n subframe periods, each further having: m reset periods forperforming write-in of a reset signal to the pixels after the sustain(light emitting) period is complete, wherein the m reset periods do notmutually overlap with each other; and

m erasure periods which forcibly place the light emitting elements in anon-light emitting state when performing write-in of the reset signal;and

k subframe periods (where k is a natural number, and 0<k≤m) selectedfrom the m subframe periods, each further having: k reverse bias periodsfor applying a reverse bias voltage, the reverse bias voltage having apolarity which is reversed with respect to a forward bias appliedbetween the first electrode and the second electrode of the lightemitting element when the light emitting element emits light, andwherein the k reverse bias periods do not mutually overlap with eachother; and

k reverse bias application periods during which the reverse bias voltageapplied in the reverse bias periods continues to be applied between thefirst electrode and the second electrode of the light emitting elements,in which:

there is a period during which a portion of the address (write-in)period, a portion of the sustain (light emitting) period, the resetperiod, the erasure period, the reverse bias period, and the reversebias application period mutually overlap; and

in a certain specific subframe period, the reverse bias applicationperiod is prepared within the erasure period.

In the above-mentioned method of driving a light emitting deviceaccording to the present invention, |V₁|≥|V₂| is satisfied, where V₁ isthe forward bias voltage and V₂ is the reverse bias voltage.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the accompanying drawings:

FIGS. 1A to 1E are diagrams showing an embodiment mode of the presentinvention;

FIGS. 2A to 2D are diagrams showing another embodiment mode of thepresent invention;

FIGS. 3A to 3E are diagrams showing another embodiment mode of thepresent invention;

FIGS. 4A to 4D are diagrams showing another embodiment mode of thepresent invention;

FIGS. 5A and 5B are a layout example and a cross sectional diagram,respectively, of a pixel portion of a light emitting elementmanufactured by applying the present invention;

FIGS. 6A and 6B are block diagrams showing the structure of a lightemitting device;

FIG. 7 is a diagram showing an example of the structure of a sourcesignal line driver circuit;

FIG. 8 is a diagram showing an example of the structure of a gate signalline driver circuit;

FIG. 9 is a diagram showing an example of the structure of a gate signalline driver circuit using for both erasure and for reverse biasing;

FIGS. 10A to 10C are diagrams showing SES drive timing charts in which areverse bias period is prepared;

FIGS. 11A to 11C are diagrams showing normal SES drive timing charts;

FIG. 12 is a diagram showing a light emitting device mounted inelectronic equipment;

FIGS. 13A to 13E are diagrams showing examples of electronic devicescapable of applying the present invention; and

FIGS. 14A to 14D are diagrams showing the results of reliabilityexperiments in direct current drive and alternating current drive.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Embodiment Mode 1

FIGS. 1A to 1E show an embodiment mode of a pixel structure forperforming alternating current drive by the present invention.

As shown in FIG. 1A, each pixel has a source signal line (S) 101, awrite-in gate signal line (SEL) 102, an erasure gate signal line (RSE)103, a reverse bias gate signal line (RBS) 104, a switching TFT 105 as athird means, an erasure TFT 106 as a fifth means, a driver TFT 107 as afourth means, a reverse bias TFT 108 as a sixth means, an EL element109, an electric current supply line (V_(A)) 111, and a reverse biaselectric power source line (V_(B)) 112. One electrode of the EL element109 (pixel electrode) is connected to a source region or a drain regionof the driver TFT 107, and the other electrode of the EL element 109(opposing electrode) is connected to an opposing electric power sourceline (V_(C)) 113.

Electric potentials on each signal line and electric power source linewithin FIG. 1A are shown as electric power source potentials, or bysignal L level and H level electric potentials. For example, the sourcesignal line 101 has 0 V when L level, and 7 V when H level. Further, theelectric potential of the electric current supply line 111 is 6 V, andthe electric potential of the reverse bias electric power source line112 is −14 V. Note that the electric potentials used here are examples,and that it is possible to operate the circuit of FIG. 1A withoutnecessarily using these electric potentials. The on and off timing forthe TFTs of each portion may suitably be determined in consideration ofgate-source voltages and the like.

Operation of a case in which the switching TFT 105, the erasure TFT 106,and the reverse bias TFT 108 are all n-channel TFTs, the driver TFT 107is a p-channel TFT, the side of the EL element 109 which is connected tothe electric power source line 111 is an anode, and the side of the ELelement 109 which is connected to the opposing electric power sourceline 113 is a cathode, is explained next.

First, a pulse is input to the write-in gate signal line 102 during anaddress (write-in) period as shown in FIG. 1B. The write-in gate signalline 102 becomes H level (9 V), the switching TFT 105 turns on, and animage signal output to the source signal line 101 is input to a gateelectrode of the driver TFT 107. The driver TFT 107 is a p-channel TFThere, and therefore turns off if the image signal is H level (7 V), andturns on if the image signal is L level (0 V).

The electric potential of the electric current supply line 111 (6 V) isthen input to the pixel electrode in a sustain (light emitting) perioddue to the driver TFT 107 turning on, as shown in FIG. 1C. A forwardbias is applied to the EL element 109 due to the electric potentialdifference with the electric potential of the opposing electric powersource line 113 (−10 V), and electric current flows in the EL element109, which emits light. Further, electric current does not flow in theEL element 109 when the driver TFT 107 is off, and there is no lightemission.

A pulse is then input to the erasure gate signal line 103, which becomesH level (9 V), in a reset period as shown in FIG. 1D, and the erasureTFT 106 turns on. The electric potential of the electric current supplyline 111 (6 V) is input to the gate electrode of the driver TFT 107 dueto the erasure transistor 106 being on, and therefore the voltagebetween the gate and the source of the driver TFT 107 becomes zero, andthe driver TFT 107 turns off. The EL element 109 consequently does notemit light.

On the other hand, a pulse is input to the reverse bias gate signal line104, which becomes H level (−10 V), in a reverse bias period as shown inFIG. 1E, and the reverse bias TFT 108 turns on. The electric potentialof the reverse bias electric power source line 112 (−14 V) is input tothe pixel electrode due to the reverse bias TFT 108 turning on. Theelectric potential of the reverse bias electric power source line 112(−14 V) is set lower than the electric potential of the opposingelectrode electric power source line 113 (−10 V) here, and therefore areverse bias is applied to the EL element 109. The reverse biascontinues to be applied to the EL element 109 while an H level electricpotential (−10 V) is input to the reverse bias gate signal line 104.

Further, even if pulse input to the reverse bias gate signal line 104ends, and the reverse bias TFT 108 turns off, electric charge on thepixel electrode is maintained by the EL element 109 itself, that is by aparasitic capacitance between the anode and the cathode of the ELelement 109, or by a capacitance formed between the pixel electrode anda fixed electric potential, and the reverse bias continues to be appliedto the EL element 109.

Note that the erasure gate signal line and the reverse bias gate signalline are formed separately in the structure shown in FIGS. 1A to 1E, andtherefore the length of the reverse bias period with respect to anerasure period can be arbitrarily set. Further, alternating currentdrive becomes possible, without lowering the duty ratio, by preparingthe reverse bias period and the erasure period of each line at the sametiming.

Embodiment Mode 2

FIGS. 2A to 2D show an embodiment mode, which differs from embodimentmode 1, of a pixel structure for performing alternating current drive bythe present invention.

As shown in FIG. 2A, each pixel has a source signal line (S) 201, awrite-in gate signal line (SEL) 202, an erasure and reverse bias gatesignal line (RSE) 203, a switching TFT 204, an erasure TFT 205, a driverTFT 206, a reverse bias TFT 207, an EL element 208, an electric currentsupply line (V_(A)) 210, and a reverse bias electric power source line211 (V_(B)). One electrode of the EL element 208 (pixel electrode) isconnected to a source region or a drain region of the driver TFT 206,and the other electrode of the EL element 208 (opposing electrode) isconnected to an opposing electric power source line (V_(C)) 212.

Electric potentials on each signal line and electric power source linewithin FIG. 2A are shown as electric power source potentials, or bysignal L level and H level electric potentials. For example, the sourcesignal line 201 has 0 V when L level, and 7 V when H level. Further, theelectric potential of the electric current supply line 210 is 6 V, andthe electric potential of the reverse bias electric power source line211 is −14 V. Note that the electric potentials used here are examples,and that it is possible to operate the circuit of FIG. 2A withoutnecessarily using these electric potentials. The on and off timing forthe TFTs of each portion may suitably be determined in consideration ofgate-source voltages and the like.

Operation of a case in which the switching TFT 204, the erasure TFT 205,and the reverse bias TFT 207 are all n-channel TFTs, the driver TFT 206is a p-channel TFT, the side of the EL element 208 which is connected tothe electric power source line 210 is an anode, and the side of the ELelement 209 which is connected to the opposing electric power sourceline 212 is a cathode, is explained here.

First, a pulse is input to the write-in gate signal line 202 during anaddress (write-in) period as shown in FIG. 2B. The write-in gate signalline 202 becomes H level (9 V), the switching TFT 204 turns on, and animage signal output to the source signal line 201 is input to a gateelectrode of the driver TFT 206. The driver TFT 206 is a p-channel TFThere, and therefore turns off if the image signal is H level (7 V), andturns on if the image signal is L level (0 V).

The electric potential of the electric current supply line 210 (6 V) isthen input to the pixel electrode in a sustain (light emitting) perioddue to the driver TFT 206 turning on, as shown in FIG. 2C. A forwardbias is applied to the EL element 208 due to the electric potentialdifference with the electric potential of the opposing electric powersource line 212 (−10 V), and electric current flows in the EL element208, which emits light. Further, electric current does not flow in theEL element 208 when the driver TFT 206 is off, and there is no lightemission.

A pulse is then input to the erasure and reverse bias gate signal line203, which becomes H level (9 V), in a reset and reverse bias period asshown in FIG. 2D, and the erasure TFT 205 and the reverse bias TFT 207turn on. The electric potential of the electric current supply line 210(6 V) is input to the gate electrode of the driver TFT 206 due to theerasure transistor 205 being on, and therefore the electric potentialdifference between the gate and the source of the driver TFT 206 becomeszero, and the driver TFT 206 turns off.

At the same time, the electric potential of the reverse bias electricpower source line 211 (−14 V) is input to the pixel electrode due to thereverse bias TFT 207 turning on. The electric potential of the reversebias electric power source line 211 (−14 V) is set lower than theelectric potential of the opposing electrode electric power source line212 (−10 V) here, and therefore a reverse bias is applied to the ELelement 208. The reverse bias continues to be applied to the EL element208 while an H level electric potential (−10 V) is input to the erasureand reverse bias gate signal line 203.

Further, even if pulse input to the erasure and reverse bias gate signalline 203 ends, and the reverse bias TFT 207 turns off, electric chargeon the pixel electrode is maintained by a capacitor 209 of the ELelement 208 itself, or by a capacitor formed between the pixel electrodeand a certain fixed electric potential, and the reverse bias continuesto be applied to the EL element 208.

An erasure period and the reverse bias period of each line become in thesame period here, and a high duty ratio can be achieved. Further, theerasure and reverse bias period periods may be extended, and the lengthmay be set arbitrarily.

Embodiment Mode 3

FIGS. 3A to 3E show an embodiment mode, which differs from embodimentmodes 1 and 2, of a pixel structure for performing alternating currentdrive by the present invention.

As shown in FIG. 3A, each pixel has a source signal line (S) 301, awrite-in gate signal line (SEL) 302, an erasure gate signal line (RSE)303, a reverse bias gate signal line (RBS) 304, a switching TFT 305, adriver TFT 306, an erasure TFT 307, a reverse bias TFT 308, an ELelement 309, an electric current supply line (V_(A)) 311, and a reversebias electric power source line (V_(B)) 312. One electrode of the ELelement 309 (pixel electrode) is connected to a source region or a drainregion of the driver TFT 306 through the erasure TFT 307, and the otherelectrode of the EL element 309 (opposing electrode) is connected to anopposing electric power source line (V_(C)) 313.

Electric potentials on each signal line and electric power source linewithin FIG. 3A are shown as electric power source potentials, or bysignal L level and H level electric potentials. For example, the sourcesignal line 301 has 0 V when L level, and 7 V when H level. Further, theelectric potential of the electric current supply line 311 is 6 V, andthe electric potential of the reverse bias electric power source line312 is −14 V. Note that the electric potentials used here are examples,and that it is possible to operate the circuit of FIG. 3A withoutnecessarily using these electric potentials. The on and off timing forthe TFTs of each portion may suitably be determined in consideration ofgate-source voltages and the like.

Operation of a case in which the switching TFT 305 and the reverse biasTFT 308 are n-channel TFTs, the driver TFT 306 and the erasure TFT 307are p-channel TFTs, the side of the EL element 309 which is connected tothe electric power source line 311 is an anode, and the side of the ELelement 309 which is connected to the opposing electric power sourceline 313 is a cathode, is explained here.

First, a pulse is input to the write-in gate signal line 302 during anaddress (write-in) period as shown in FIG. 3B. The write-in gate signalline 302 becomes H level (9 V), the switching TFT 305 turns on, and animage signal output to the source signal line 301 is input to a gateelectrode of the driver TFT 306. The driver TFT 306 is a p-channel TFThere, and therefore turns off if the image signal is H level (7 V), andturns on if the image signal is L level (0 V).

Further, an L level electric potential (−2 V) is input to the erasuregate signal line 303, and the erasure TFT 307 turns on.

An L level electric potential (−2 V) is always input to the erasure gatesignal line 303 in a sustain (light emitting) period, as shown in FIG.3C, and the erasure TFT 307 continues to be on. In addition, theelectric potential of the electric current supply line 311 (6 V) isinput to the pixel electrode due to the driver TFT 306 turning on. Aforward bias is applied to the EL element 309 due to the electricpotential difference with the electric potential of the opposingelectric power source line 313 (−10 V), and electric current flows inthe EL element 309, which emits light. Further, electric current doesnot flow in the EL element 309 when the driver TFT 306 is off, and thereis no light emission.

A pulse is then input to the erasure gate signal line 303, which becomesH level (9 V), in a reset period as shown in FIG. 3D, and the erasureTFT 307 turns off. A current supply pathway from the electric currentsupply line 311 to the EL element 309 is cutoff by the erasure TFT 307turning off, and the EL element 309 stops emitting light. Differing fromembodiment modes 1 and 2, the erasure TFT 307 continues to be onthroughout the light emitting period, and continues to be off throughoutan erasure period.

On the other hand, a pulse is input to the reverse bias gate signal line304, which becomes H level (−10 V), in a reverse bias period as shown inFIG. 3E, and the reverse bias TFT 308 turns on. The electric potentialof the reverse bias electric power source line 312 (−14 V) is input tothe pixel electrode due to the reverse bias TFT 308 turning on. Theelectric potential of the reverse bias electric power source line 312(−14 V) is set lower than the electric potential of the opposingelectrode electric power source line 313 (−10 V) here, and therefore areverse bias is applied to the EL element 309. The reverse biascontinues to be applied to the EL element 309 while an H level electricpotential (−10 V) is input to the reverse bias gate signal line 304.

Further, even if pulse input to the reverse bias gate signal line 304ends, and the reverse bias TFT 308 turns off, electric charge on thepixel electrode is maintained by a capacitance 310 of the EL element 309itself, or by a capacitance formed between the pixel electrode and acertain fixed electric potential, and the reverse bias continues to beapplied to the EL element 309.

Note that it is necessary for the erasure TFT 307 to always be offthroughout the erasure period. The reverse bias period and the erasureperiod of each line can therefore overlap, and a high duty ratio can beachieved. Further, reverse bias period can be set to an arbitrarylength.

Embodiment Mode 4

FIGS. 4A to 4D show an embodiment mode, which differs from embodimentmodes 1 to 3, of a pixel structure for performing alternating currentdrive by the present invention.

As shown in FIG. 4A, each pixel has a source signal line (S) 401, awrite-in gate signal line (SEL) 402, an erasure and reverse bias gatesignal line (RSE) 403, a switching TFT 404, a driver TFT 405, an erasureTFT 406, a reverse bias TFT 407, an EL element 408, an electric currentsupply line (V_(A)) 410, and a reverse bias electric power source line411 (V_(B)). One electrode of the EL element 408 (pixel electrode) isconnected to a source region or a drain region of the driver TFT 405through the erasure TFT 406, and the other electrode of the EL element408 (opposing electrode) is connected to an opposing electric powersource line (V_(C)) 412.

Electric potentials on each signal line and electric power source linewithin FIG. 4A are shown as electric power source potentials, or bysignal L level and H level electric potentials. For example, the sourcesignal line 401 has 0 V when L level, and 7 V when H level. Further, theelectric potential of the electric current supply line 410 is 6 V, andthe electric potential of the reverse bias electric power source line411 is −14 V. Note that the electric potentials used here are examples,and that it is possible to operate the circuit of FIG. 4A withoutnecessarily using these electric potentials. The on and off timing forthe TFTs of each portion may suitably be determined in consideration ofgate-source voltages and the like.

Operation of a case in which the switching TFT 404 and the reverse biasTFT 407 are n-channel TFTs, the driver TFT 405 and the erasure TFT 406are p-channel TFTs, the electric current supply line 410 is set to ananode electric potential, and the opposing electric power source line412 is set to a cathode electric potential, is explained here. In the ELelement 408, the side which is connected to the electric power sourceline 410 is an anode, and the side which is connected to the opposingelectric power source line 412 is a cathode.

First, a pulse is input to the write-in gate signal line 402 during anaddress (write-in) period as shown in FIG. 4B. The write-in gate signalline 402 becomes H level (9 V), the switching TFT 404 turns on, and animage signal output to the source signal line 401 is input to a gateelectrode of the driver TFT 405. The driver TFT 405 is a p-channel TFThere, and therefore turns off if the image signal is H level (7 V), andturns on if the image signal is L level (0 V).

Further, an L level electric potential (−16 V) is input to the erasureand reverse bias gate signal line 403, the erasure TFT 406 turns on, andthe reverse bias TFT 407 turns off.

An L level electric potential (−16 V) is always input to the erasure andreverse bias gate signal line 403 in a sustain (light emitting) period,as shown in FIG. 4C, and the erasure TFT 406 continues to be on, whilethe reverse bias TFT 407 continues to be off.

In addition, the electric potential of the electric current supply line410 (6 V) is input to the pixel electrode due to the driver TFT 405turning on. A forward bias is applied to the EL element 408 due to theelectric potential difference with the electric potential of theopposing electric power source line 412 (−10 V), and electric currentflows in the EL element 408, which emits light. Further, electriccurrent does not flow in the EL element 408 when the driver TFT 405 isoff, and there is no light emission.

An H level electric potential (9 V) is always input to the erasure andreverse bias gate signal line 403 in a reset and reverse bias period, asshown in FIG. 4D, the erasure TFT 406 turns off, and the reverse biasTFT 407 turns on. The electric potential of the reverse bias electricpower source line (−14 V) is thus input to the pixel electrode by thisoperation. The electric potential of the reverse bias electric powersource line 411 (−14 V) is set lower than the electric potential of theopposing electrode electric power source line 412 (−10 V) here, andtherefore a reverse bias is applied to the EL element 408. A periodduring which an H level electric potential (9 V) is input to the erasureand reverse bias gate signal line 403 is one in which a current supplypathway from the electric current supply line 410 to the EL element 408is cutoff due to the erasure TFT 406 continuing to be in an off state,and the EL element 408 does not emit light. The reverse bias continuesto be applied to the EL element 408 due to the reverse bias TFT 407continuing to be turned on.

The erasure period of each line and the reverse bias period become inthe same period here, and a high duty ratio can therefore be achieved.Furthermore, the erasure and reverse bias period can be extended and setto an arbitrary length.

Reverse biases having arbitrary values corresponding to R, G, and Bcolor EL elements can thus be applied in a color display light emittingdevice by forming a reverse bias electric power source line in eachpixel, as discussed in embodiment modes 1 to 4.

Further, the electric potential of the reverse bias electric powersource line corresponding to the electric potential used for applicationof the highest reverse bias from among the R, G, and B colors may beshared, and the reverse bias electric power source line may also beshared among adjacent pixels. The number of wirings can be reduced inthis case, and a high aperture ratio can be expected.

Furthermore, cases of operating driver TFTs in a linear region, namelyexamples of constant voltage driving methods, are explained inembodiment modes 1 to 4. It is preferable, however, to perform constantcurrent drive, in which the driver TFTs are operated in a saturatedregion and a fixed electric current is supplied to the EL elements, forcases in which the EL element lifetime is taken into consideration.

Embodiments

Embodiments of the present invention are discussed below.

Embodiment 1

A light emitting device 1201 is built-in in a manner shown in FIG. 12when using the light emitting device as a display portion of anelectronic device, such as a portable telephone. The light emittingdevice 1201 indicates an embodiment in which a panel and a substrate areconnected to each other, with a signal processing LSI, memory, and thelike mounted on the substrate.

A block diagram of the light emitting device 1201 is shown in FIG. 6A.The light emitting device 1201 has a panel 650 and a driver circuit 660.

The driver circuit 660 has a signal generator portion 611 and anelectric power source portion 612. The electric power source portion 612generates a plurality of desired voltage value electric power sourcesfrom an electric power source supplied by an external battery. Theplurality of desired voltage value electric power sources are suppliedto a source signal line driver circuit, a gate signal line drivercircuit, a light emitting element, the signal generator portion 611, andthe like. An electric power source, an image signal, and a synchronoussignal are input to the signal generator portion 611. In addition toperforming conversion of the various types of signals so that they canbe processed by the panel 650, the signal generator portion 611 alsogenerates a clock signal and the like in order to drive the sourcesignal line driver circuit and the gate signal line driver circuit.

Further, the panel 650 is structured by disposing a pixel portion 601, asource signal line driver circuit 602, a write-in gate signal linedriver circuit 603, an erasure gate signal line driver circuit 604, areverse bias gate signal line driver circuit 605, and FPC 606, and thelike on the substrate.

The pixel portion 601 is disposed in a substrate central portion, andthe source signal line driver circuit 602, the write-in gate signal linedriver circuit 603, the erasure gate signal line driver circuit 604, thereverse bias gate signal line driver circuit 605, and the like arearranged in a periphery portion. An opposing electrode of the EL elementis formed on the entire surface of the pixel portion 601, and anopposing electric potential is imparted through the FPC 606. Supply ofsignals and electric power sources for driving the source signal linedriver circuit 602, the write-in gate signal line driver circuit 603,the erasure gate signal line driver circuit 604, and the reverse biasgate signal line driver circuit 605, is performed by the driver circuit660, through the FPC 606.

Further, as shown in FIG. 6B, an erasure and reverse bias gate signalline driver circuit 607 can be used, instead of using both the erasuregate signal line driver circuit 604 and the reverse bias gate signalline driver circuit 605, for cases in which an erasure period and areverse bias period are prepared at the same timing, and a narrowerframe formation becomes possible.

The light emitting device 1201 disclosed in embodiment 1 is one in whichthe panel 650 and the driver circuit 660, which contains the signalgenerator portion 611 and the electric power source portion 612, aremade separately, the panel 650 and the driver circuit 660 may also bemanufactured as integrated on the substrate.

Embodiment 2

A schematic diagram of a source signal line driver circuit is shown inFIG. 7, and a schematic diagram of a gate signal line driver circuit isshown in FIG. 8, for a case of performing image display by using adigital image signal.

The source signal line driver circuit has a shift register 702 that usesa plurality of states of D flip-flops 701, first latch circuits 703 a,second latch circuits 703 b, level shifters 704, buffers 705, and thelike. Signals input from an outside portion are a clock signal (S-CK),an inverted clock signal (S-CKb), a start pulse (S-SP), and a digitalimage signal (digital video signal). The digital image signal is inputdirectly with the structure like that of FIG. 7. For example, inputtakes place from the first row, to the second row, . . . , to the lastrow of the most significant bit, then from the first row, to the secondrow, . . . , to the last row of the second bit, and continuing on untilthe first row, to the second row, . . . , to the last row of the leastsignificant bit.

First, sampling pulses are output one after another from the shiftregister 702 in accordance with the timing of the clock signal, theinverted clock signal, and the start pulse. The sampling pulses are theninput to the first latch circuits 703 a, and the digital image signal isread in and stored bit by bit at the timing whereat the sampling pulseis input. This operation is performed in order from a first column.

A latch pulse is input during a horizontal return period when storage ofthe digital image signal in the final stage first latch circuit 703 a iscomplete. The digital signals stored in the first latch circuits 703 aare then sent all at once to the second latch circuits 703 b at thistiming. Pulse amplitude conversion is then performed by the levelshifters 704, and after the image signal waveforms are reshaped in thebuffers, they are output to the respective source signal lines Si to Sn.

On the other hand, the gate signal line driver circuit has a shiftregister 802 that uses a plurality of stages of D flip-flops 801, levelshifters 803, buffers 804, and the like. Signals input from an outsideportion are a clock signal (G-CK), an inverted clock signal (G-CKb), anda start pulse (G-SP)

First, pulses are output one after another by the shift register 802 inaccordance with the timing of the clock signal, the inverted clocksignal, and the start pulse. Pulse width conversion is then performed bythe level shifters 803, and after the pulse waveforms are reshaped inthe buffers, they are output to the respective gate signal lines G1 toGm as a pulse for selecting the gate signal lines in order. Afterselection of the last row gate signal line Gm is complete, and after avertical return period, pulses are once again output from the shiftregister 802, and selection of the gate signal lines in order isperformed.

Further, an erasure gate signal line driver circuit and a reverse biasgate signal line driver circuit can be made into the same circuit by amethod like that shown in FIG. 9 by employing embodiment modes 1 and 3for cases in which pulses are input at the exact same timing to erasuregate signal lines and reverse bias gate signal lines. It is thuspossible to made the frame smaller.

The gate signal line driver circuit of FIG. 9 has a shift register 902that uses a plurality of stages of D flip-flops 901, level shifters 903,buffers 904, voltage converter circuits 905, and the like. Signals inputfrom an outside portion are a clock signal (G-CK), an inverted clocksignal (G-CKb), and a start pulse (G-SP).

Operation is nearly the same as that of the gate signal line drivercircuit discussed above. Pulses output one after another from the shiftregister 902 undergo amplitude conversion by the level shifters 903.Further, after pulse waveform reshaping is performed by the buffers 904,the pulses are separated into those output as is to erasure gate signallines G1 to Gm, and those input to the voltage converter circuits 905.The latter pulses are converted into pulses having a desired amplitude(from V_(L) to V_(H)) by the voltage converter circuits 905, and outputto reverse bias gate signal lines Gb1 to Gbm. Further, the voltageconverter circuits 905 may also be formed on the erasure gate signallines G1 to Gm side.

Embodiment 3

Actual operation timing for a case of driving a pixel structure by SESdriver, as given in the embodiment modes, and applying a reverse bias isexplained by using FIGS. 10A to 10C, and FIGS. 11A to 11C.

Normal SES drive is explained first using FIGS. 11A to 11C.

One frame period is divided into a plurality of subframe periods. Oneframe period is divided into six subframe periods SF1 to SF6 here as anexample. Each of the subframe periods has an address (write-in) periodTa and a sustain (light emitting) period Ts. Each of the sustain (lightemitting) periods of the subframe periods has a different length. Theamount of time that each pixel emits light in one frame period isdetermined by selecting the subframes during which each EL element emitslight. Gray scale is thus performed in accordance with the relativelengths of time during which light is emitted.

As the number of subframe divisions is increased, it becomes possible toperform multi-gray scale display. However, the sustain (light emitting)period becomes shorter than the address (write-in) period in a portionof the subframe periods. The address (write-in) periods of differentsubframe periods cannot overlap in this case, and therefore a resetperiod Tr and an erasure period Te are also used.

The reset period Tr is a period during which a signal for forciblyplacing the EL element into a non-light emitting state is input to thepixel. The erasure period Te is a period during which the non-lightemitting state of the EL element continues based on the signal input inthe reset period.

For the operation, pulses are input in order from a first write-in gatesignal line during an address (write-in) period Tal of the subframeperiod SF1, and a digital image signal output to a source signal line iswritten in. Operation immediately shifts to a sustain (light emitting)period Ts1 for rows into which the digital image signal has beenwritten. The address (write-in) period Ta1 is complete when write-inoperation from a first row to a last row are complete. Pulses are nextinput to the write-in gate signal lines from the first row, in which thesustain (light emitting) period Ta1 is complete, and an address(write-in) period Ta2 of the subframe period SF2 begins.

The subframe periods SF2 and SF3 are completed by repeating theaforementioned operations, and an address (write-in) period ta4 of thesubframe period SF4 begins. An address (write-in) period Ta4 is longerthan a sustain (light emitting) period Ts4 here, and therefore a nextaddress (write-in) period Ta5 cannot begin immediately after the sustain(light emitting) period Ts4 ends. A reset period Tr4 thus begins fromthe first row in which the sustain (light emitting) period Ts4 iscomplete. The length of an erasure period Te4 at this point normallybecomes the length from the end of the sustain (light emitting) periodof the first row, up until the address (write-in) period of the last rowis complete, as shown in FIG. 11.

An address (write-in) period Ta5 of the subframe period SF5 then begins.One frame period is complete when the subframe periods SF5 and SF6 arecomplete, and the next frame period begins.

Operation timing for the circuits shown in embodiment modes 1 to 4 isexplained next by using FIGS. 10A to 10C.

One frame period is divided into six subframe periods. Each subframeperiod has an address (write-in) period Ta and a sustain (lightemitting) period Ts. Further, subframe period in which the address(write-in) period is longer than the sustain (light emitting) period(corresponding to the subframe periods SF4, SF5, and SF6 here) also havea reset period Tr, an erasure period Te, a reverse bias period Tb, and areverse bias application period Ti in addition to the address (write-in)period Ta and the sustain (light emitting) period Ts.

The address (write-in) period is a period for writing a digital imagesignal into the pixels, and the sustain (light emitting) period Ts is aperiod during which the EL elements are placed in a light emittingstate, or a non-light emitting state, based on the digital image signalwritten in during the address (write-in) period. The amount of time forwhich each pixel emits light per single frame period is determined bythe subframe periods wherein each pixel emits light, and gray scaledisplay is performed in accordance with this amount of light emissiontime.

The reset period Tr is a period during which a signal that forciblyplaces the EL elements in a non-light emitting state is input to thepixels. The erasure period Tr is a period during which the EL elementscontinue in the non-light emitting state based on the signal inputduring the reset period. Further, the reverse bias period Tb is a periodin which a signal is input to the pixels for applying a reverse bias tothe EL elements, and the reverse bias application period Ti is a periodin which the reverse bias continues to be applied to the EL elementbased on the signal input during the reverse bias period Tb.

For the operation, pulses are input in order from a first write-in gatesignal line during an address (write-in) period Tal of the subframeperiod SF1, and a digital image signal output to a source signal line iswritten in. Operation immediately shifts to a sustain (light emitting)period Ts1 for rows into which the digital image signal has beenwritten. The address (write-in) period Ta1 is complete when write-inoperation from a first row to a last row are complete. Pulses are nextinput to the write-in gate signal lines from the first row, in which thesustain (light emitting) period Ta1 is complete, and an address(write-in) period Ta2 of the subframe period SF2 begins.

The above operations are repeated, the subframe periods SF2 and SF3 arecomplete, and the address (write-in) period Ta4 of the subframe periodSF4 begins. The address (write-in) period Ta4 is longer than the sustain(light emitting) period Ts4 here, and therefore the next address(write-in) period Ta5 cannot begin immediately after the sustain (lightemitting) period Ts4 is complete. The reset period Tr4 therefore beginsfrom the first row, in which the sustain (light emitting) period Ts4 iscomplete. The length of the erasure period Te4 at this point becomes thelength of time from the end of the sustain (light emitting) period ofthe first row, to the end of the address (write-in) period of the lastrow, as shown in FIG. 10A.

The reverse bias period Tb4 begins at the same time as the reset periodTr4 at this point, the erasure period Te4 and the reverse biasapplication period become simultaneous periods, and a reverse bias isapplied row by row. The address (write-in) period Ta5 of the subframeperiod SF5 then begins. One frame period is complete when the subframeperiods SF5 and SF6 are complete, and operation continues with the nextframe period.

It is possible to regulate the amount of time for which the reverse biasis applied to the EL elements by arbitrarily extending the length oferasure and reverse bias application periods Tei4, Tei5, and Tei6, asshown by FIG. 10B.

In addition, the reset period Tr4 and the reverse bias period Tb4 canalso be made independent when employing embodiment mode 1 or embodimentmode 3 as shown in FIG. 10C. A reverse bias application period Ti4 iscontained in the erasure period Te4, and can be arbitrarily set in aregion that does not overlap with adjacent reverse bias periods Tb. Itthus becomes possible to regulate the amount of time for which thereverse bias is applied to the EL elements.

Further, although an example which has the reset period Tr, the erasureperiod Te, the reverse bias period Tb, and the reverse bias applicationperiod Ti only in subframe periods wherein the address (write-in) periodTa is longer than the sustain (light emitting) period Ts here, it isalso possible to prepare each of the periods, and apply a reverse biasto the EL elements, in subframe periods wherein the address (write-in)period Ta is shorter than the sustain (light emitting) period Ts, andwherein the both periods have the same length.

Furthermore, the number of subframe period divisions may be increased ifit is desired to increase the number of display gray scales, and it isnot always necessary for the order of the subframe periods to be fromthe most significant bit to the least significant bit. The subframeperiods may appear randomly within one frame period.

Embodiment 4

An element layout example for a case of actually manufacturing a pixelhaving the structure of FIGS. 1A to 1E and disclosed in embodiment mode1 is shown in FIG. 5A. Further, a cross sectional diagram of a portiondenoted by a line segment X-X′ in FIG. 5A is shown in FIG. 5B.

The references numerals in FIGS. 5A and 5B denote the followingelements: 500: substrate 501: source signal line 502: write-in gatesignal line 503: erasure gate signal line 504: reverse bias gate signalline 505: switching TFT 506: erasure TFT 507: driver TFT 508: reversebias TFT 509: pixel electrode 511: current supply line 512: reverse biaspower source line 521: partition 522: organic conductive film 523:organic thin film (light emitting layer) 524: opposing electrode

Reference numeral 500 in FIG. 5B denotes a substrate having aninsulating surface. A driver TFT 507 and the like are formed on thesubstrate 500, and source and drain electrodes are formed by using awiring material in order to provide connections to an impurity regionfor forming a source region and a drain region of the driver TFT 507.One of the electrodes, the source electrode or the drain electrode, isformed so as to make a connection with a pixel electrode 509 at anoverlapping portion. An organic conductive film 522 is formed on thepixel electrode 509, and in addition, an organic thin film (lightemitting layer) 523 is formed. An opposing electrode 524 is formed onthe organic thin film (light emitting layer) 523. The opposing electrode524 is formed with a shape covering the entire pixel in order to have acommon connection.

The term EL element as used within this specification corresponds to alaminate of the pixel electrode 509, the organic conductive film 522,the organic thin film (light emitting layer) 523, and the opposingelectrode 524 in FIG. 5B, and one electrode, the pixel electrode 509 orthe opposing electrode 524, becomes an anode, while the other electrodebecomes a cathode.

Light emitted from the organic thin film (light emitting layer) 523passes through either the pixel electrode 509 or the opposing electrode524 and is emitted. Cases in which light is emitted to the pixelelectrode side, namely the side on which the TFTs and the like areformed, is referred to as lower surface emission, while cases in whichlight is emitted to the opposing electrode side is referred to as uppersurface emission.

The pixel electrode 509 is formed by using a transparent conductive filmfor lower surface emission. Conversely, the opposing electrode 524 isformed by using a transparent conductive film for upper surfaceemission.

Note that the structure shown in embodiment 4 is only an example, andthe pixel layout, the cross sectional structure, the lamination order ofthe EL element electrodes, and the like are not limited to this example.

Further, EL elements possessing R, U, and B color light emission may beformed by being painted separately in a color display light emittingdevice, or a single color EL element may be formed over the entirepixel, and R, G, and B color light emission may be obtained by usingcolor filters.

Embodiment 5

The results of measurements made relating to deterioration of brightnesswhen performing direct current drive (forward bias always applied) andalternating current drive (forward bias and reverse bias alternatelyapplied at a fixed period) in a light emitting device that applies ahigh molecular weight compound as a light emitting layer, and has abuffer layer formed from a conductive high molecular weight compoundbetween an anode and a light emitting layer, are discussed in embodiment5.

FIGS. 14A and 14B show the results or reliability experiments whenperforming alternating current drive with a forward bias of 3.7 V, areverse bias of 1.7 V, a duty of 50%, and a frequency of 60 Hz. Theinitial brightness was approximately 400 cd/cm². Results are also shownfor comparison performed by direct current drive (forward bias of 3.65V). The brightness drops by one-half in direct current drive after atime on the order of 400 hours, while the one-half point is not reachedeven after approximately 700 hours have passed during alternatingcurrent drive.

FIGS. 14C and 14D show the results or reliability experiments whenperforming alternating current drive with a forward bias of 3.8 V, areverse bias of 1.7 V, a duty of 50%, and a frequency of 600 Hz. Theinitial brightness was approximately 300 cd/cm². Results are also shownfor comparison performed by direct current drive (forward bias of 3.65V). The brightness drops by one-half in direct current drive after atime on the order of 500 hours, while a brightness on the order of 60%of the initial brightness is maintained even after approximately 700hours have passed during alternating current drive.

Embodiment 6

The light-emitting device utilizing the light emitting element is ofself-emission type, and thus exhibits more excellent recognizability ofthe displayed image in a light place and has a wider viewing angle ascompared to the liquid crystal display device. Accordingly, thelight-emitting device can be applied to a display portion in variouselectronic devices.

Such electronic devices using a light-emitting device of the presentinvention include a video camera, a digital camera, a goggles-typedisplay (head mount display), a navigation system, a sound reproductiondevice (such as a car audio equipment and an audio set), a lap-topcomputer, a game machine, a portable information terminal (such as amobile computer, a cellular phone, a portable game machine, and anelectronic book), an image reproduction apparatus including a recordingmedium (more specifically, an apparatus which can reproduce a recordingmedium such as a digital versatile disc (DVD) and so forth, and includesa display for displaying the reproduced image), or the like. Inparticular, in the case of the portable information terminal, use of thelight-emitting device is preferable, since the portable informationterminal that is likely to be viewed from a tilted direction is oftenrequired to have a wide viewing angle. FIGS. 13A to 13E respectivelyshows various specific examples of such electronic devices.

FIG. 13A illustrates an electro-luminescence display device whichincludes a casing 3001, an audio output portion 3002, a display portion3003 and the like. The light emitting device of the present invention isapplicable to the display portion 3003. The light-emitting device is ofthe self-emission-type and therefore requires no backlight. Thus, thedisplay portion thereof can have a thickness thinner than that of aliquid crystal display device. The light-emitting device is includingthe entire display device for displaying information, such as a personalcomputer, a receiver of TV broadcasting and an advertising display.

Further, FIG. 13C illustrates a large screen EL display which includes,same as FIG. 13A, a casing 3021, an audio output portion 3022 and adisplay portion 3023. The light emitting device of the present inventionis applicable to the display portion 3023.

FIG. 13B illustrates a mobile computer which includes a main body 3011,a styles 3012, a display portion 3013, operation switches 3014, ainterface 3015 and the like. The light emitting device of the presentinvention is applicable to the display portion 3013.

FIG. 13D illustrates a game machine which includes a main body 3031, adisplay portion 3032, operation switches 3033 and the like. The lightemitting device of the present invention is applicable to the displayportion 3032.

FIG. 13E illustrates a cellular phone which includes a main body 3041,an audio output portion 3042, an audio input 3043, a display portion3044, operation switches 3045, an antenna 3046 and the like. The lightemitting device of the present invention is applicable to the displayportion 3044. Note that the display portion 3044 can reduce powerconsumption of the cellular phone by displaying white-colored characterson a black-colored background.

When brighter luminance of light emitted from the organic light-emittingmaterial becomes available in the future, the light-emitting device inaccordance with the present invention will be applicable to a front-typeor rear-type projector in which light including output image informationis enlarged by means of lenses or the like to be projected.

The aforementioned electronic devices are more likely to be used fordisplay information distributed through a telecommunication path such asInternet, a CATV (cable television system), and in particular likely todisplay moving picture information. The light-emitting device issuitable for displaying moving pictures since the organic light-emittingmaterial can exhibit high response speed.

A portion of the light-emitting device that is emitting light consumespower, so it is desirable to display information in such a manner thatthe light-emitting portion therein becomes as small as possible.Accordingly, when the light-emitting device is applied to a displayportion which mainly displays character information, e.g., a displayportion of a portable information terminal, and more particular, acellular phone or a sound reproduction device, it is desirable to drivethe light-emitting device so that the character information is formed bya light-emitting portion while a non-emission portion corresponds to thebackground.

As set forth above, the present invention can be applied variously to awide range of electronic devices in all fields. Moreover, the electronicdevice in this embodiment can be implemented by using any structure ofthe light-emitting devices in Embodiments 1 to 5.

It becomes possible to apply a reverse bias to an EL element, without aneed to change the electric potential of a pixel electrode or anopposing electrode, by using the light emitting device of the presentinvention. In addition, a reverse bias can be applied row by row,without creating a state in which the reverse bias is applied to allpixels within a surface simultaneously, by changing the electricpotential of an electric power source line, and therefore a reverse biasperiod can be prepared in synchronous with an erasure period in SESdrive. The reverse bias period can therefore be prepared withoutpreparing a new period, which invites a reduction in the duty ratio.This contributes to giving EL elements longer life.

In addition, the reverse bias voltage can be made smaller than theforward bias voltage, and it is not necessary to greatly increase thevoltage of an electric power source of a gate signal line drivercircuit, and this is advantageous from a standpoint of reduced electricpower consumption.

What is claimed is:
 1. A light emitting device comprising: a panelcomprising: a pixel portion in which a plurality of pixels are arrangedin matrix; a source signal line driver circuit for driving the pixelportion; and at least two gate signal line driver circuit for drivingthe pixel portion; means for generating a timing signal and an imagesignal for driving the source signal line driver circuit and the gatesignal line driver circuit; and means for supplying a desired electricpower source used in the panel, each pixel of the plurality of pixelscomprising: a light emitting element having a first electrode and asecond electrode; means for controlling input of the image signal to thepixel; means for determining whether the light emitting element emitslight or does not emit light, in accordance with the input image signal,for applying a forward bias between the first electrode and the secondelectrode of the light emitting element by changing an electricpotential of the first electrode when the light emitting element emitslight, and for supplying an electric current; means for forcibly cuttingoff the electric current supplied to the light emitting element; andmeans for controlling the timing at which a reverse bias is appliedbetween the first electrode and the second electrode of the lightemitting element by changing the electric potential of the firstelectrode.